How to reformat a personal computer?

How to reformat a personal computer?

REFORMATING A PERSONAL COMPUTER

Steps to reformat a personal Computer1. Start your PC and press key F2, F12 pr delete key (Depends on your PC model)
2. Your PC will boot from CD and Windows installation will start. Press Enter at this screen.
3. Accept License agreement by pressing F8 key
4. Delete the partitions
5. Create the partitions
6. Define the size of partitions
7. Now select your desired partition for installation of Windows XP and press enter
8. Choose to format the partition. Choose NTFS file system quick.
9. Setup will format the partition
10. After formatting, setup will start copying files on to the hard disk
11. After copying of files, setup will start installing Windows
12. Select desired language and regional settings when prompted by setup
13. Enter windows key
14 Type a name for your computer
15. Select time and date settings and time zone according to your country
16. Provide network settings for networking PC's or select typical settings and press enter
17. Setup will install devices and register components

18. After completion setup will do a cleanup of files and will restart your PC automatically. At this stage you can remove CD from drive

What is an IP Address?

Internet protocol address (IP address)

 ~An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.

Internet protocol Versions

IPv4 – Internet Protocol Version 4

IPv4 addresses are canonically represented in dotted - decimal notation, which consists of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1. Each part represents a group of 8 bits (octet) of the address.

       

IPv6 - Internet Protocol Version 6 

Internet Protocol version 6 is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol, the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet.

IP Address Classes

With an IPv4 IP address, there are five classes of available IP ranges: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D and Class E, while only A, B, and C are commonly used. Each class allows for a range of valid IP addresses, shown in the following table.

Class	Address range
Class A	1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254
Class B	128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254
Class C	192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254
Class D	224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

Creating IP Address

   Creating Public IP Address

1. In the left menu, click Network > Public IP.
2. Click Create.
3. Select whether you want to create an IPv4 or IPv6 address.
4. Select a server to which you want to assign the new IPv4 or IPv6 address. ...
5. Optional: To create a Reverse DNS, click Showin the Show other settings section. ...
6. Click Create.

Creating Public IP Address

https://whstatic.1and1.com/help/CloudServer/EN-US/d849943.html

Creating IP Configuration

Creating Public IP Address In the left menu, click Network > Public IP. Click Create. Select whether you want to create an IPv4 or IPv6 address. Select a server to which you want to assign the new IPv4 or IPv6 address. ... Optional: To create a Reverse DNS, click Showin the Show other settingssection. ... Click Create. Creating Public IP Address

Creating Public IP Address

1. In the left menu, click Network > Public IP.
2. Click Create.
3. Select whether you want to create an IPv4 or IPv6 address.
4. Select a server to which you want to assign the new IPv4 or IPv6 address. ...
5. Optional: To create a Reverse DNS, click Showin the Show other settingssection. ...
6. Click Create.

Creating Public IP Address

https://whstatic.1and1.com/help/CloudServer/EN-US/d849943.html

What are the types of cable?

A.twisted pair
A.Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many business computers to the telephone company. To reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are twisted around each other.

1.Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)-Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable. STP is similar to UTP but with each pair covered by an additional copper braid jacket or foil wrapping. This shielding helps protect the signals on the cables from external interference.

2..Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)-UTP cable is a 100 ohm copper cable that consists of 2 to 1800 unshielded twisted pairs surrounded by an outer jacket. They have no metallic shield. This makes the cable small in diameter but unprotected against electrical interference. The twist helps to improve its immunity to electrical noise and EMI.

C.Coaxial cable-Coaxial cable, or coax, is a type of electrical cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket. 

D.Fiber Optic-Fiber optic cable is a high-speed data transmission medium. It contains tiny glass or plastic filaments that carry light beams. Digital data is transmitted through thecable via rapid pulses of light.

What is the difference between straight and cross cable?

Straight-through Ethernet cables are the most commonly used. Crossover cables use two different wiring standards: one end uses the T568A wiring standard, and the other end uses the T568B wiring standard. ... For example, a computer with Auto MDI-X can use either a straight-through or crossover cable for any application.

https://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/twisted-pair

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/14153/shielded-twisted-pair-stp

https://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/.../95046918-what-is-unshielded-twisted-pair-utp-cabl...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable

https://techterms.com/definition/fiber_optic_cable

www.cables-solutions.com/difference-between-straight-through-and-crossover-cable.html

What are the types of network topology?

What is a network topology?

-Network topology is the arrangement of the elements of a communication network. Network topology is the topological structure of a network and may be depicted physically or logically.

Linear bus topology 

-Linear bus topology is a type of network topology in which each device is connected one after the other in a sequential chain (shown right). In this case, the bus is the network connection between the devices, and if any link in the network chain is severed, all network transmission is halted.

Star topology

-Alternatively referred to as a star network, star topology is one of the most common network setups. In this configuration, every node connects to a central network device, like a hub, switch, or computer. The central network device acts as a server and the peripheral devices act as clients. Depending on the type of network card used in each computer of the star topology, a coaxial cable or a RJ-45 network cable is used to connect computers together.

Ring topology

-A ring network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each node.

Hybrid topology

-Hybrid topology is an integration of two or more different topologies to form a resultant topology which has many advantages (as well as disadvantages) of all the constituent basic topologies rather than having characteristics of one specific topology.

Mesh topology

-A mesh network is a local network topology in which the infrastructure nodes connect directly, dynamically and non-hierarchically to as many other nodes as possible and cooperate with one another to efficiently route data from/to clients.

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/linear-bus-topology.htm

www.telecomabc.com/s/star.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_network

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hybrtopo.htm

https://www.link-labs.com/blog/what-is-mesh-topology

What are the types of computer network?

What is a computer network?
A computer network, or data network, is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks, computing devices exchange data with each other using connections between nodes.



LAN (local area network)
A local area network is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building.

MAN (metropolitan area network)

A metropolitan area network is a computer network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network.

WAN (wide area network)

A wide area network is a telecommunications network or computer network that extends over a large geographical distance/place. Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.

PAN (personal are network)

A personal area network is a computer network for interconnecting devices centered on an individual person's workspace. A PAN provides data transmission amongst devices such as computers, smartphones, tablets and personal digital assistants. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network

How to be a responsible netizen?

To b a responsible netizen you must have good manners by using the internet,use internet wisely and carefully because some sites have unpleasant content,don't use the net just for posting uncommon things we must use it correctly for example if we have some Homework to do by searching the meaning we can get the answer the simple is that.

Don't use the net by putting shame on others,respect each other as you wanted to be respected.we should take care of our privacy we can't share our privacy trust is not easy in this world nowadays so we must take care of our accounts.Surfing the net in a long time is not good for your health.To be a responsible netizen we will use the internet to prevent any dangerous situations.Beware of scams using the internet.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/social-media-responsibility-etiquette.html